![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Chapter 1. 02 - Transport Industry and Warehousing. GENERAL PROFILELa. Mont Byrd. The transport sector encompasses industries that are involved in the transportation of goods and passengers throughout the world. This sector is structurally complex and vitally important to economies locally, nationally and globally. Economic Importance. Mediterranean Diet ranked #2 in Best Diets Overall. 38 diets were evaluated with input from a panel of health experts. The Visible Embryo is a visual guide through fetal development from fertilization through pregnancy to birth. As the most profound physiologic changes occur in the. The deliberate asset stripping of public transport in Britain My thesis is that it is no accident that cars have taken over from public transport on both sides of the. The transport sector is vitally important to the economic viability of nations. Transportation plays a key role in economically important factors such as employment, utilization of raw and manufactured goods, investment of private and public capital and generation of tax revenues. In most industrialized countries, transport accounts for 2 to 1. ILO 1. 99. 2). In the United States alone, the Department of Transportation reported that in 1. DOT 1. 99. 5). The transport sector is also a major consumer of raw materials and finished goods in most industrialized countries. For example, in the United States, the transport sector utilizes approximately 7. Sampson, Farris and Shrock 1. Capital investment utilizing public and private funds to purchase trucks, ships, airplanes, terminals and other equipment and facilities easily exceeds hundreds of billions of dollars in industrialized countries. The transport sector also plays a major role in generating revenues in the form of taxes. Just-in-time (JIT) Introduction. Just-in-time (JIT) is easy to grasp conceptually, everything happens just-in-time. For example consider my journey to work this.In industrialized countries, transport of passengers and freight is often heavily taxed (Sampson, Farris and Shrock 1. Gentry, Semeijn and Vellenga 1. Typically these taxes take the form of fuel taxes on gasoline and diesel fuels, and excise taxes on freight bills and passenger tickets, and easily exceed hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Evolution of the Sector. In the early stages of the transport sector, geography greatly influenced what was the dominant mode of transportation. As advances were made in construction technology, it became possible to overcome many of the geographical barriers that limited the development of the transport sector. As a result, the modes of transport that have dominated the sector evolved in accordance with the technology available. Many people in the modern world believe that it is more difficult for women to lose weight than for men. This is unfortunate, and it’s an over-simplification, but. Comprehensive Theory of Social Development. International Center for Peace and Development. ![]() Initially, water travel over the oceans was the primary mode of transport of freight and passengers. As large rivers were navigated and canals were built, the volume of inland transport over the waterways increased significantly. In the late nineteenth century, transport over railways began to emerge as the dominant mode of transport. Rail transport, because of its ability to overcome natural barriers such as mountains and valleys through the use of tunnels and bridges, offered flexibility that waterways could not provide. Furthermore, unlike transport over waterways, transport over the rails was virtually unaffected by winter conditions. Many national governments recognized the strategic and economic advantages of rail transport. Consequently, rail companies were awarded governmental financial assistance to facilitate the expansion of rail networks. In the early twentieth century, the development of the combustion engine combined with the increased use of motor vehicles enabled road transport to become an increasingly popular mode of transport. As the highway and throughway systems were developed, road transport enabled door- to- door deliveries of goods. This flexibility far surpassed that of railways and waterways. Eventually, as advances were made in road construction and improvements were made to the internal combustion engine, in many parts of the world road transport became faster than rail transport. Consequently, road transport has become the most used mode of transport of goods and passengers. The transport sector continued to evolve with the advent of airplanes. The use of airplanes as a means to transport freight and passengers began during the Second World War. Initially, airplanes were primarily used to transport mail and soldiers. However, as aircraft construction was perfected and an increasing number of persons learned to operate airplanes, air transport grew in popularity. Today, air transport is a very fast, reliable mode of transport. However, in terms of total tonnage, air transport handles only a very small percentage of freight. Structure of the Sector. Information on the structure of rail systems in industrialized countries is generally reliable and comparable (ILO 1. Similar information on road systems is somewhat less reliable. Information on the structure of waterways is reliable, having not changed substantially in the past few decades. However, similar information regarding developing countries is scarce and unreliable. European countries developed economic and political blocs that have had a significant impact on the transport sector. In Europe, road transport dominates the movement of freight and passengers. Trucking, with a heavy emphasis on less- than- trailer- load freight, is conducted by small national and regional carriers. This industry is heavily regulated and highly fractured. Since the early 1. Conversely, rail transport has declined by approximately 8% (Violland 1. However, several European countries are working diligently to increase the efficiency of rail transport and are promoting intermodal transport. In the United States, the primary mode of transport is over the roadways. The Department of Transportation, Office of Motor Carriers, reported in 1. DOT 1. 99. 5). This included large companies that transport their own products, smaller private firms, and for- hire truckload and less- than- truckload common and contract carriers. The majority of these fleets (5. These companies operate a total of 1. The road system in the United States increased by roughly 2% from 1. ILO 1. 99. 2). The rail systems in the United States have declined, due primarily to the loss of Class 1 status of some rail lines, and due to the abandonment of less profitable lines. Canada has increased its rail system by some 4. The road system in Canada has decreased by 9% (ILO 1. In the industrialized nations of the Pacific Rim, there is great variability of the rail and road systems, due mainly to the different levels of industrialization of the respective countries. For example, rail and road networks in the Republic of Korea are similar to those in Europe, whereas in Malaysia, the rail and road networks are significantly smaller, but experiencing tremendous growth rates (over 5. ILO 1. 99. 2). In Japan, the transport sector is heavily dominated by road transport, which accounts for 9. Japanese freight transport tonnage. Approximately 8. 2% of the tonnage is transported by water and 1. Magnier 1. 99. 6). Developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America typically suffer from inadequate transport systems. There is significant work underway to improve the systems, but a lack of hard currency, skilled workers and equipment inhibits the growth. Transport systems have grown significantly in Venezuela, Mexico and Brazil. The Middle East in general has experienced growth in the transport sector, with countries such as Kuwait and Iran leading the way. It should be noted that due to the large size of the countries, sparse populations and arid climatic conditions, unique problems are encountered that limit the development of transport systems in this region. An overview of railroad and road systems for selected countries and world regions is shown in figure 1. Figure 1. 02. 1 World road network distribution 1. Figure 1. 02. 2 World railroad network distribution, 1. Workforce Characteristics. The transportation sector contributes significantly to employment in most countries in both the private and public sectors. However, as per capita income increases, the impact of the sector on total employment decreases. The overall number of workers in the transport industries has declined steadily since the 1. This loss of workforce in the sector is due to several factors, especially technological advances that have automated many of the jobs related to the construction, maintenance and operation of transport systems. In addition, many countries have passed legislation which deregulated many transport- related industries; this has ultimately resulted in the loss of jobs. Workers who are currently employed in transport- related industries must be highly skilled and competent. Due to the rapid advances in technology experienced in the transport sector, these workers and prospective workers must receive continual training and retraining. CHALLENGES TO WORKERS' HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING INDUSTRYThe transportation and warehousing industry is fraught with challenges to worker health and safety. Those involved in loading and unloading of cargo and in storing, stacking and retrieving materials are prone to musculoskeletal injuries, slips and falls due to uncertain, irregular or slippery work surfaces and being struck by falling objects. Those operating and maintaining vehicles and other machinery are not only vulnerable to such injuries but also to the toxic effects of fuels, lubricants and exhaust fumes. If ergonomic principles are not heeded in the design of seats, pedals and instrument panels, drivers of trains, planes and motor vehicles (those used in warehousing as well on roads) will not only be subject to musculoskeletal disorders and undue fatigue, but will also be prone to operating mishaps that can lead to accidents. Figure 1. 02. 3 Lifting parcels above shoulder height is an ergonomic hazard Teamsters Union All workers—and the general public as well—may be exposed to toxic substances in the event of leaks, spills and fires. Since much of the work is done out- of- doors, transportation and warehousing workers are also subject to extremes of weather such as heat, cold, rain, snow and ice, which can not only make the work more arduous but also more dangerous. Aviation crews must adjust to changes in barometric pressure. Noise is a perennial problem for those operating or working near noisy vehicles and machinery. Stress. Perhaps the most pervasive hazard in this industry is work stress. Nutrition Myths—BUSTED! What was driving him to financial ruin? What sort of nettlesome money- sapping addiction had my friend in its grasp?“Trying to eat healthy,” he explained. It costs me a fortune. But if you want to eat right, you gotta shell out for the good stuff, no?”I shook my head. At Eat This, Not That!, we spend a lot of time unmasking health imposters. And the truth is, the superpowers of kale, like the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle, have been highly exaggerated. Sure, it’s good for you, but the ranking of kale as our greatest green is just one of many word- of- mouth myths that drive our nutritional decision- making, often in the wrong direction. Much of what we believe about food is really just hearsay, a game of nutritional telephone handed down from science journals to newspapers to television to your Aunt Phoebe to your mom and then to you, with marketers in between. Well, we had the research team at Eat This, Not That! Learn how to separate fact from fiction and you might finally shed the habits that are silently sabotaging your efforts. But I must warn you: The truth can hurt. Once you've recovered, don't miss these 5. Best Weight Loss Tips! Not always. Instead, try green tea! Research in Kelly Choi's The 7- Day Flat- Belly Tea Cleanse reports that Brazilian scientists found that participants who consumed three cups of the beverage every day for a week had fewer markers of the cell damage caused by resistance to exercise. That means that green tea can also help you recover faster after an intense workout. In another study—this one on people—participants who combined a daily habit of four to five cups of green tea each day with a 2. Melt fat quickly with our best- selling weight loss plan, The 7- Day Flat- Belly Tea Cleanse! Test panelists lost up 1. Sugar is the master of disguise. Maltodextrin, brown rice syrup, dextrose, sucrose—it’s got more alter egos than the Avengers. But it’s most well- known costume is High Fructose Corn Syrup. Whether HFCS is worse than plain ol' table sugar has long been a contentious issue. Here’s what you need to know: In a 2. HFCS, there was no difference found in changes in blood glucose levels, lipid levels, or appetite between table sugar consumption and HFCS consumption. In other words, your body can’t tell one from the other—they’re both just sugar. HFCS’s real sin is that it’s super cheap, and as a result, it’s added to everything from cereal to ketchup to salad dressing. Is it a good idea to minimize the HFCS in your diet? It’s best to cut out all unnecessary sugars. But HFCS’s role as nutritional enemy #1 has been exaggerated. Now that you know, find out how to avoid consuming so much sugar with these 3. Easy Ways to Stop Eating So Much Sugar! Everyday table salt comes from a mine and contains roughly 2,3. Sea salt comes from evaporated seawater, and it also contains roughly 2,3. That makes them, well, roughly identical. Advocates point to the fact that sea salt also contains other compounds like magnesium and iron, but in truth, these minerals exist in trace amounts. To obtain a meaningful dose, you’d have to take in extremely high and potentially dangerous levels of sodium. What’s more, traditional table salt is regularly fortified with iodine, which plays an important role in regulating the hormones in your body. Sea salt, on the other hand, gives you virtually zero iodine. The bottom line is this: If switching from table salt to sea salt causes you to consume even one extra granule, then you’ve just completely snuffed out whatever elusive health boon you hope to receive. Plus you’ve wasted a few bucks. But what your body’s going to remember most (especially around your waistline) is the sugar in these concoctions; a 1. Pepsi. What’s more, a University of Maryland study found energy drinks to be 1. So here’s the secret that energy drink companies don’t want you to know: The only proven, significant energy boost comes from caffeine. If you want an energy boost, save yourself the sugar spike and drink a cup of coffee. Make this swap once a day and lose nearly 2. The obesity- research community is becoming increasingly aware that the artificial sweeteners used in diet soda—aspartame and sucralose, for instance—lead to hard- to- control food urges later in the day. One Purdue study discovered that rats took in more calories if they'd been fed artificial sweeteners before mealtime, and a University of Texas study found that people who consume just three diet sodas per week were more than 4. Try weaning yourself off by switching to carbonated water and flavoring with lemon, cucumber, and fresh herbs. A study in the American Journal of Public Health found that more obese adults drink diet soda than healthy- weight adults and that, among the overweight and obese adults studied, those who drank diet soda ate more calories than those who consumed sweetened/regular soda. Researchers have also linked regular diet soda consumption with decreased response to artificial sweeteners and a decreased link between sweet tastes and energy value, meaning their bodies may grow to disassociate sweetness with satiety cues, making it easier to overeat and, therefore, gain weight. For more, read these essential 5 Reasons to Finally Give Up Soda. Paleo is one of the most- Googled diets in recent years. Bacon and steak for weight loss? But the Paleo diet is indeed too good to be true. Although protein- rich diets help pounds fly off initially, eating a low- carb, high- protein diet can actually cause weight gain in the long- term, say Spanish researchers. In fact, their study findings revealed that those who follow high- protein diets have a 9. To reap the weight- loss benefits of the Paleo diet plan–without paying for it later–nix the processed junk and oils as the diet suggests, but keep the protein in check. Men should get no more than 5. Take in more than the recommended amount and the excess will likely be stored as health- harming fat. Eating 3. 00 calories of chicken is not the same as eating 3. The body uses and stores calories differently depending on the nutrients each food is comprised of. Corn and beans, for example, contain something called resistant starch, a type of carb that is really hard to digest. In turn, the body isn’t able to absorb as many of the calories or as much of the glucose—a nutrient that’s stored as fat if it’s not burned off. It’s a similar story with lean- protein sources like turkey, chicken and fish. In addition to boosting satiety, protein also has a high thermogenic effect compared to fats and carbs. In turn, your body burns off a fair percentage the meat’s calories during the digesting process and post- meal calorie burn spikes by as much as 3. Your favorite cookies can’t make that same claim. In fact, since the majority of sweet treats’ calories come from sugar, getting too many of your calories from desserts can leave you hungry, fat and–you guessed it–frustrated. The FDA makes no serious effort to control the use of the word . Case in point: 7. UP boasts that it’s made with “1. Natural Flavors” when, in fact, the soda is sweetened with a decidedly unnatural dose of high fructose corn syrup. The worst part is, you're likely paying a premium price for common junk food. For 1. 00+ creamy, delicious weight- loss recipes, click here for Zero Belly Smoothies! Sure, some yogurts contain beneficial bacteria that can send reinforcements to your gut when you need them. Lactobacillus acidophilus is the bacteria you want to look for, with yogurts that say “live active cultures.” But most yogurts are so high in sugar that they do more to promote unhealthy gut bacteria than anything else. But research has proven that dietary cholesterol has almost nothing to do with serum cholesterol, the stuff in your blood. Wake Forest University researchers reviewed more than 3. Saint Louis found that eating eggs for breakfast could decrease your calorie intake for the remainder of the day. Bonus: Eggs are one of the 9 Foods That Shut Off Hunger Hormones—Fast! In its best form, peanut butter actually is a health food. That’s because peanuts are packed with monounsaturated fats, the heart- healthy fat that actually helps you lose weight. Here’s what the ingredients of a healthy jar of peanut butter should read: Peanuts. But most peanut butter doesn’t look like that. Here’s what the label of Jif Reduced Fat Creamy Peanut Butter Spread reads like: Peanuts, corn syrup solids, sugar, pea protein, salt, fully hydrogenated vegetable oils, mono and diglycerides, molasses, magnesium oxide, niacinamide, ferric orthophosphate, zinc oxide, copper sulfate, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride. Now, I know your kids constantly beg you for seconds of pyridoxine hydrochloride, but is that something they need? Most peanut butters are highly processed and loaded with sugars and trans- fatty oils, and contain less of the healthy monounsaturated fats that you truly need. The word “spread” indicates that it’s at least 1. Look for ”natural” peanut butter (Smucker’s and Justin’s both make great versions) and don’t be fooled by any low- fat promises. Read on for the 1. Best Nut Butters for Weight Loss! It would be great if the only thing you had to do to eat healthy was look for chocolate bars that were darker than Kristen Stewart’s mascara. Unfortunately, the secret to unlocking the health benefits of chocolate are a bit more complicated than that. Plenty of studies have shown that polyphenols (nutrients found in darkly colored plant foods like chocolate) can do everything from lowering blood pressure to raising our ability to burn fat. A 2. 01. 3 study in the journal Diabetic Medicine even found that eating dark chocolate lessened the effects of high blood sugar in diabetic patients. Unfortunately, the more chocolate is processed, the more of the polyphenols are lost. Creating “Dutch” chocolate, in which an alkalizing agent is added to the cocoa to reduce acidity, destroys up to 7.
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